When does Play Store update Google Chrome?

Well there is no definite answer concerning established time for Google Chrome updates (and/or other related apps), but the general one is that it varies depending on the developers' schedule.

Of late, Chrome Chrome updates have been released on a staged rollout.

What happens here is that with a staged rollout, the update reaches
only a percentage of users, and various factors are used to target
such a small "audience" and may include (but not limited to):

• device type


• OS version


• specific users e.g in certain selected regions


• other criteria

Note this is different from independent developers who have no option of targeting eligible users

So it's a waiting game until the next batch of root reaches your specific device. I see you have quite a number of OS versions you mentioned but as I explained, is Google who select the eligibility criteria and it's according to their schedule.

However an alternative workaround, would be using other markets will the latest releases of Chrome 62 e.g apkmirror and sideloading it.